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Yumen Pass
Yumen Pass (), or Jade Gate or Pass of the Jade Gate, is the name of a pass located west of Dunhuang in today's Gansu Province of China. In ancient times, this was a pass through which the Silk Road passed, and was the one road connecting Central Asia and China, the former called the Western Regions. Just to the south was the Yangguan pass, which was also an important point on the Silk Road.
Although the Chinese ''guan'' is usually translated simply as "pass", its more specific meaning is a "frontier pass" to distinguish it from an ordinary pass through the mountains. ''Yumen guan'' 玉門關 and ''Yang guan'' 陽關 are derived from: ''yu'' 玉 = 'jade' + ''men'' 門 = 'gate', 'door'; and ''yang'' 陽 = 'sunny side', 'south side of a hill', 'north side of a river,' and ''guan'' 關 = ‘frontier-passes’. These were the two most famous passes leading to the north and west from Chinese territory.〔Hill (2015), Vol. I, p. 140.〕 During the Early Han, "... a defensive line was established from Jiuquan ('Wine Springs') in the ''Gansu'' Corridor west to the Jade Gate Pass at its end." 〔Mallory and Mair (2000), p. 60.〕
It is not to be confused with the city Yumen (玉門, literally ''Jade Gate'') in Gansu, China. Although both are within the same Jiuquan "prefecture-level city" (a multi-county administrative unit) of Gansu province, Yumen Pass is located some 400 km to the west of its namesake city.
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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